澶╂墠涓€绉掕浣忋€愮埍灏氥€戜负鎮ㄦ彁渚涚簿褰╁皬璇撮槄璇汇€�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎杩欎箞缁忓吀鐨勮櫕瀛愭灄鍢夊綋鐒惰杩囷紝鏁板ぉ涔嬪墠鐨勬€櫕涔嬩贡灏辨湁涓冨僵铚堣殻銆佹偓娴按姣嶇瓑绛夊ぇ鍨嬬殑铏瓙韫﹀嚭鏉ワ紝褰撴椂鍙妸鏋楀槈鍚撲簡涓€澶ц烦锛屽績鑴忛兘鍦ㄦ娊鎼愶紝鍒墍鏄粬锛屽氨杩炴暣涓鍩庡ぇ瀛︾殑甯堢敓浠兘鍚撳緱闈㈠鍦熻壊銆�
杩欏凹鐜涳紝涓冨僵铚堣殻闀胯揪浜屽崄绫冲氨绠椾簡锛屽彲鏄繖钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎绔熺劧鏈変袱灞傛ゼ楂橈紝搴炲ぇ寰楀氨鍍忔槸閭ｄ簺宸ㄥ瀷鍗¤溅锛屾惡甯︾潃浠や汉鑳嗘垬蹇冩儕鐨勫帇杩劅锛屼竴浠庤缂濋噷璧板嚭鏉ワ紝宸ㄨ吙灏卞湪鍦伴潰涓婅俯寰楄桨杞颁綔鍝嶏紝杩炴按娉ュ湴闈㈤兘鍑归櫡鍑轰竴涓釜娣卞潙锛�
铏界劧瀹冨嚭鐜版病澶氫箙灏辫鏉庡鐜夌鏉€锛屼絾钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鐨勮韩褰变粛鏃х粰鏋楀槈鐣欎笅浜嗘瀬娣辩殑鍗拌薄锛岀敋鑷筹紝鍚庢潵钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鐨勫案浣撹璀︽柟杩愯蛋鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鏄冻瓒冲嚭鍔ㄤ簡鍏締鍚婅溅锛�
鈥滈夯鐥癸紒婀栨硦閲屾€庝細钘忕潃杩欎箞澶х殑涓€澶磋殏铓侊紒鎴戜粬濡堝埌搴曠┛瓒婂埌涓€涓粈涔堟牱鐨勪笘鐣屽晩锛佲€�
鏋楀槈浣庡０璇呭拻锛屼絾瀵归潰鐨勮摑鐪煎法铓佸嵈鐪煎啋鍑跺厜锛屾瀬搴︿笉鍙嬪杽鍦扮洴鐫€浠栫湅锛屾弧鏄倝灞戝拰琛€涓濈殑澶ч挸鍢翠竴寮犱竴鍚堬紝鏄剧劧鏄繕娌″悆楗憋紝鍑嗗鎶婃灄鍢変篃褰撴垚楗悗鐢滅偣銆�
鏋楀槈澶寸毊涓€闃靛彂楹伙紝鏁翠釜鑳岃剨閮藉噳閫忎簡锛岃剳鍚庡嫼鍍忔槸琚啺姘存蹈娉′竴鏍凤紝娴戣韩鍍电‖鍛煎惛鍙戠獟锛岀珶鏄钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鐨勫▉鍔块晣寰楃伒榄傞兘鍦ㄩⅳ鎶栵紒
鈥滀匠鐜夎兘涓€鎷虫墦姝诲畠锛屼絾鐜板湪浣崇帀鏄忚糠锛屼竴qi膿鍙兘闈犳垜鏉ヤ富鎸佸眬闈紝鍐烽潤锛屼竴瀹氳鍐烽潤锛佲€�
鏋楀槈娣卞懠鍚镐竴鍙ｆ皵锛屽己鑷畾浜嗗畾绁炪€備笅浠ら亾锛�
鈥滈硠楸硷紝鍘诲綋鐐伆锛屽敖閲忕壍鍒朵綇杩欏ご澶ц殏铓侊紒鈥�
璇濋煶涓€钀姐€傛灄鍢夊氨鎶辩潃鏉庝匠鐜夌埇涓婁簡澶ц薄鐨勮儗鑴婏紝鍌績鐫€澶ц薄璧剁揣閫冪姝ゅ銆�
涓ゆ潯槌勯奔涔熷鍚瘽锛岃櫧鐒跺畠浠湪钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎闈㈠墠鍚屾牱娴戣韩鍙戦ⅳ锛屽彲鏄畠浠粛鏃у涓嶉【韬湴鍐插悜钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎锛屽紶寮€婊℃槸鍒╅娇鐨勫ぇ鍢达紝涓€鍙ｅ氨鍜湪钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鐨勮剼瓒句笂锛屽彧鍚€滃暘鍜斺€濅竴澹般€傞硠楸肩殑鐗欓娇閮芥柇瑁備簡鍗佸嚑鏍癸紒
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鍏ㄨ韩铏敳锛岄摐鐨搧楠紝杩炲瓙寮归兘闅句互灏勭┛銆傛櫘閫氱殑槌勯奔鑳戒激寰椾簡瀹冩墠鎬€�
鈥滃惐鈥�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎寰井鎵簡涓€鐪间袱澶撮硠楸硷紝闅忔剰鍦版姮浜嗘姮鑵匡紝涓€鑴氳笍涓嬪幓锛屾惡甯︾潃鎭愭€栫殑宸ㄥぇ鍔涢噺銆備竴鑴氬氨鎶婁竴澶撮硠楸艰俯寰楃█宸寸儌銆�
鍙︿竴澶撮硠楸煎垯绋嶅井鏈虹伒銆傝翰杩囦簡鍑犳鐚涜俯锛岀壍鍒朵簡钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎灏嗚繎鍗佺閽熺殑鏃堕棿鎵嶈韪╂銆�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鍓嶈偄涓€鎹烇紝灏卞皢涓ゅ洟绋€宸寸儌鐨勭鑲夋墧杩涘槾閲岋紝澶у姏澶у姏鍦板拃鍤肩潃锛岀珶鏄皢杩欎袱澶翠竴鐧惧鏂ら噸鐨勯硠楸肩粰涓€鍙ｅ悶涓嬶紒
铏棌锛屽氨鏄姝ょ殑鍑舵畫寮哄娍锛屾櫘閫氱殑閲庡吔鍦ㄨ櫕鏃忛潰鍓嶆牴鏈氨鏄垬浜旀福銆�
鈥滃揩蹇揩锛佹棤璁哄浣曚篃瑕佺粰鎴戝姞蹇€熷害锛佲€�
姝ゆ椂鏋楀槈闈犵潃澶ц薄鍧愰獞宸茬粡閫冨嚭浜嗙櫨绫充箣閬ワ紝浠栧績鎬ュ鐒氥€備笉鍋滃湴鍌績鐫€澶ц薄锛岀劧鑰岃繖鐗囨．鏋楁偿鍦熸澗杞€傚墠娈垫椂闂翠技涔庡張涓嬭繃闆紝寰堝鍦版柟閮芥湁绉按锛屽啀鍔犱笂灞辫矾宕庡矕锛屽ぇ璞℃牴鏈氨璺戜笉蹇紒
鈥滃惐鈥�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎浼间箮鏄攣瀹氫簡鏋楀槈锛屾拻鐫€鑵垮氨鏈濅粬杩戒簡杩囧幓锛屾皵鍔挎惫姹癸紝灏卞儚鏄粠闅ч亾閲屽啿鍑烘潵鐨勭伀杞︿竴鏍凤紝娌块€旀洿鏄鎺ㄥ湡鏈轰竴鏍锋挒鍊掍簡澶ч噺鐨勬爲鏈紒
鏋楀槈浜￠瓊鐨嗗啋锛屽悡寰楄劯閮介潚浜嗭紒
蹇紒
瀹炲湪鏄お蹇簡锛�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鍏潯鑵匡紝姣忔潯鑵块兘鑳界垎鍙戝嚭鎭愭€栫殑鎬姏锛屾槸浠ュ埆鐪嬪畠浣撳瀷搴炲ぇ涓嶇敋鏁忔嵎锛屼絾瀹冪殑绉诲姩鍗村嚭涔庢剰鏂欑殑蹇紝淇濆畧浼拌涔熷彲浠ヨ揪鍒版椂閫熶簲鍗佸叕閲岋紒
鐩告瘮杈冧箣涓嬶紝绗ㄦ嫏鐨勬嘲鍥借薄鐨勯€熷害灏辨參寰楄鍛戒簡锛�
鏄晩锛屾槸鐪熺殑瑕佸懡锛屾灄鍢夋涓嶆€€鐤戝鏋滆钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎杩戒笂浜嗭紝缁濆鏄瀹冧竴鍙ｅ悶涓嬭倸瀛愭秷鍖栨垚绮究锛�
涓嶅埌涓や釜鍛煎惛鐨勬椂闂达紝钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎灏卞凡缁忓揩瑕佽拷涓婃潵浜嗭紝瀹冭窛绂绘嘲鍥借薄浠呬粎鍙樊浜嗕簩鍗佺背锛�
鍙渶瑕佸啀杩囦袱涓夌閽熲€︹€�
涓嶏紝缁濆涓嶈兘璁╅偅绉嶄簨鍙戠敓锛�
鈥滃ぇ璞★紝浣犱篃鍘诲綋鐐伆锛屾渶濂界粰鎴戠壍鍒跺畠鍗佸嚑绉掗挓锛屾嫓鎵樹簡锛佲€�
鏋楀槈褰撴満绔嬫柇锛岀粰娉板浗璞′笅浜嗗懡浠わ紝鍗佷竾鍗辨€ョ殑鍏冲ご涔熼【涓嶄簡閭ｄ箞澶氫簡锛屾瘯绔熶繚浣忔€у懡姣斾粈涔堥兘閲嶈锛�
娉板浗璞″緢蹇犺瘹鍦板惉浠庢灄鍢夌殑鍛戒护锛屼竴鎶婂氨鐢ㄩ蓟瀛愬嵎璧锋灄鍢夌殑鑵帮紝灏嗕粬鎵斿埌涓嶈繙澶勭殑娉ユ碁娴呭潙閲岋紝鐒跺悗浠板ぉ鎬掗福涓€澹帮紝鎽囧ご鏅冭剳鍦板氨璋冭浆鏂瑰悜锛岀嫚鐙犲湴鏈濊摑鐪煎法铓佹挒浜嗚繃鍘伙紒
杩欎竴鎾烇紝闈炰絾鏃犳硶鎾煎姩钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鍒嗘锛屽ぇ璞¤嚜宸卞弽鑰岃闇囧緱澶存檿鐪艰姳锛屾牻鍊掑湪鍦颁笂锛岃摑鐪煎法铓佷袱鍙ぇ閽冲瓙姣笉瀹㈡皵鍦板氨鎴崇┛浜嗗畠鐨勮吂閮紝娉板浗璞″綋鍦烘畳鍛芥皵缁濄€�
鈥滄垜闈狅紒杩欎箞娌＄敤锛岀灛闂磋绉掓潃锛屽凹鐜涜繕涓嶅槌勯奔鏉ュ緱鎸佷箙锛佲€�
鏋楀槈鐪嬪緱鐪肩彔瀛愰兘蹇鐬嚭鏉ヤ簡锛屼絾鐜板湪涔熺涓嶄簡閭ｄ箞澶氾紝浠栫洿鎺ュ氨鎶辩潃鏉庝匠鐜夐『鐫€婊戝潯婊戜簡涓嬪幓锛屽摢鎬曡儗鑴婇伃鍒伴攱鍒╃殑灏忕煶澶存粦鍧★紝鏋楀槈涔熷挰绱х墮鍏虫病鍝煎嚭涓€澹帮紒
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鏄タ鏋佷簡锛屾潃浜嗘嘲鍥借薄涔嬪悗锛屽綋鍦哄氨灏嗘嘲鍥借薄閫佽繘鍢撮噷锛屽鍔涘湴鍜€鍤硷紝鍗充究鏄潥纭殑璞￠璞＄墮涔熻鍜緱鍢庡惐鍢庡惐浣滃搷銆�
骞歌繍鐨勬槸锛屾嘲鍥借薄浣撳瀷涓嶅皬锛岄噸杈惧叓鍗冩枻锛岄ザ鏄摑鐪煎法铓侀キ閲忔儕浜猴紝鍗翠篃鑺变簡鍗婂垎閽熸墠灏嗘嘲鍥借薄鍚冧釜骞插噣銆�
鑰岃繖鍗婂垎閽熺殑鏃堕棿閲岋紝鏋楀槈宸茬粡鎶辩潃鏉庝匠鐜夐€冨嚭涓ょ櫨绫充箣杩滀簡锛屼粬鍊掍篃鑱槑锛屼笓闂ㄥ線閭ｄ簺鏍戞湪瓒冲澶氳冻澶熺矖鐨勫北澶磋窇銆�
鍥犱负鏋楀槈鐭ラ亾钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鍙煡閬撴í鍐茬洿鎾烇紝鑰岃繖浜涚矖澶х殑鏍戞湪鏍规繁钂傚浐锛岀粷瀵硅兘澶熸瀬澶х▼d霉鍦伴樆鎸¤摑鐪煎法铓佺殑鑴氭锛岃繘鑰岀粰浠栨洿澶氱殑閫冪敓鏃堕棿锛�
鈥滃惐鈥�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鍙戝嚭灏栭攼鐨勮櫕楦ｏ紝鍙堟拻鐫€鑵跨┓杩戒笉鑸嶏紝涓€璺笂杞拌桨浣滃搷锛屼篃涓嶇煡閬撴湁澶氬皯鍙傚ぉ澶ф爲琚挒鏂紝涔熶笉鐭ラ亾鍦ㄨ矾涓婄暀涓嬩簡澶氬皯娣辨繁鑴氬嵃鈥︹€�
鏋楀槈鑳岀潃鏉庝匠鐜夛紝璺戝緱姘斿枠濡傜墰銆傛弧韬兘鏄嚟涔庝箮鐨勬筏娉ュ拰姹楁按锛屽埆鐪嬩粬浼ゅ彛鎰堝悎浜嗭紝浣嗘槸浠栧け琛€杩囧銆傚厓姘斿ぇ浼わ紝濡備粖鑳借窇鍔ㄥ氨绠楁槸姣呭姏鎯婁汉浜嗭紝鏇翠綍鍐典粬韬笂杩樿儗鐫€涔濆崄鏂ら噸鐨勬潕浣崇帀锛�
涓€鑰呴€冿紝涓€鑰呰拷锛屼絾涓よ€呬箣闂寸殑璺濈鍗村湪涓€鐐逛竴鐐瑰湴鍑忓皯锛岄殢鐫€鍗辨満鎰堟潵鎰堣繎锛屾灄鍢夊凡缁忚兘鍡呭埌姝讳骸鐨勬皵鎭簡锛�
鏇翠负绯熺硶鐨勬槸鈥︹€�
浠栧彂鐜拌嚜宸卞凡缁忕簿鐤插姏灏戒簡銆傚ず鍛界媯濂斾笁鍒嗛挓锛屼粬宸茬粡杈惧埌浜嗘瀬闄愶紝鍙岃吙鍍忔槸鐏屼簡閾呬竴鏍锋矇閲嶃€傝剳琚嬮噷涓h貌ng缂烘哀锛屾棤璁轰粬鍐嶆€庝箞鏈夋瘏鍔涙湁鍕囨皵锛屽嵈涔熶笉寰椾笉鍍忕幇瀹炰綆澶粹€︹€�
褰撹摑鐪煎法铓佽窛绂讳粬杩樺墿浜屽崄绫崇殑鏃跺€欙紝闇嶇劧闂淬€傝摑鑹茬殑涓夎褰㈠法鐪奸噷灏勫嚭涓ら亾鑷村懡鐨勮摑鑹叉縺鍏夛紒
鈥滃暰鈥�
婵€鍏夊澶哄懡鍐风銆傚皠寰楃┖姘旈兘鍦ㄧ垎鍝嶏紒
鏋楀槈绂忕伒蹇冭嚦锛岄浣跨宸湴寰€宸﹁竟鍊炬枩浜嗕竴鐐圭偣锛屼笅涓€鍒伙紝婵€鍏夋摝鐫€浠栫殑鎵嬭噦灏勮繃锛岀灛闂村氨灏嗕粬鐨勮鍙ｇ噧鎴愮伆鐑紝杩炲甫鎵嬭噦鐨勮鑲夐兘娌′簡澶у崐鍧楋紒
灏勫亸浜嗙殑婵€鍏変綑鍔夸笉鍑忥紝灏卞儚鐙欏嚮鏋殑瀛愬脊涓€鏍凤紝椋庨┌鐢垫帲鎽ф灟鎷夋溄銆傜户缁墠杩涳紝杩炶繛灏勭┛浜嗕簲鍏５鍙傚ぉ澶ф爲鐨勬灊骞层€傚嚳鍑鸿タ鐡滆埇澶х殑娲烇紝鏈€鍚庯紝閭ｄ簺鏍戞湪閮界噧鐑т簡璧锋潵锛�
杩欏▉鍔涳紝鏄綍绛夌殑鍙€栵紒
鏋楀槈涔熷悡寰楄劯濡傚湡鑹诧紝浠栧垰鎵嶈鏄杩欐縺鍏夊皠涓簡锛屽彧鎬曚細杩炲案浣撻兘娌″姙娉曠暀涓嬫潵锛�
鎯冲埌杩欓噷锛屾墜鑷備笂鐨勪弗zh貌ng鐏间激鍊掍篃涓嶇畻浠€涔堜簡鈥︹€﹁€屽墽鐑堢殑鐥涙涔熷啀涓€娆″帇姒ㄥ嚭鏋楀槈楠ㄩ珦閲屾渶鍚庣殑涓€涓濆姏閲忥紝淇冧娇浠栬窇寰楁洿蹇紝鐏甸瓊鏇存槸鍦ㄨ繖绉嶆瀬绔殑鍘嬭揩涓竴闃甸樀鎮稿姩锛�
鎭嶆儦闂达紝鏋楀槈鍙湁涓€涓康澶达紒
閭ｅ氨鏄窇锛�
涓€瀹氳璺戝緱蹇紝璺戝嚭杩欐浜￠槾褰辩殑绗肩僵锛岃窇鍒颁竴涓畨鍏ㄧ殑鍦版柟锛屼粬澶竻妤氫竴鏃﹀仠涓嬶紝浠ュ墠鐨勬墍鏈夊姫鍔涢兘灏嗙櫧璐癸紒
鈥滀匠鐜夎兘杞粂矛鍦板皢瀹冩墦鐖嗭紝鎴戝張宀傝兘钀藉悗濂瑰お澶氾紝鑷冲皯锛屾垜涔熻鏈夎兘鍔涘湪瀹冪殑鍢翠笅姹傜敓锛佹贩璐︼紝娣疯处锛屾垜鍙槸瑕佹垚涓轰富瑙掔殑鐢蜂汉鍟婏紝鎬庤兘杞粂矛瑷€璐ワ紒鈥�
鏋楀槈蹇冨簳鍦ㄥ拞鍝紝鍥犲け琛€杩囧杩愬姩杩囧墽鑰屼弗zh貌ng缂烘哀鐨勮剳瀛愰噷绔熺劧鎺€璧蜂簡鐙傞楠ら洦锛屼粈涔堥兘娌℃硶鎯筹紝浠€涔堥兘娌℃硶蹇碉紝鎾曡鑸殑鐥涙涓紝鏋楀槈瑙夊緱鑷繁鐨勮娑查兘閫嗘祦浜嗐€�
鍙槸閫嗘祦涔嬪悗锛屽嵈鍙堟湁涓€鑲℃柊鐨勫姏閲忓湪楠ㄩ珦閲屽啋鍑烘潵锛屾澶栵紝宸茬粡鏋浜嗙殑涓圭敯涔熸湁涓€鑲＄函鍑€鐨勭儹娴佽繀閫熷湴娴侀€氬埌鍥涜偄鐧鹃閲岋紝涓轰粬娉ㄥ叆鏂扮殑娲诲姏锛�
杩欎竴鍒伙紝鏋楀槈绔熸槸鍦ㄦ瀬绔帇杩腑鍐嶅仛绐佺牬锛岀敱涓€绾ч珮闃跺崌鍒颁簡涓€绾у穮宄帮紝鏂楁皵閲忕炕浜嗕竴鍊嶏紒
浣嗘灄鍢夊苟娌℃湁瀵熻鍒拌嚜宸卞崌绾т簡锛屼粬鍙【鐫€澶哄懡鐙傚锛屾簮婧愪笉鏂湴浣跨敤鏂楁皵鏉ユ彁鍗囧璺戠殑閫熷害锛岄瀷瀛愯鍑稿嚭鐨勫皷閿愮煶鍧楀垝鐮存墡鍏ヨ剼鎺岃倝閲岋紝椴滆鐩存祦锛屾．鏋楅噷鐨勮崋妫樺拰甯﹀埡鏍戣棨鍦ㄤ粬韬笂鐣欎笅鍗冪櫨閬撲激鍙ｏ紝浠栦篃娴戠劧鏈锛�
涓嶇煡閬撳琛屼簡澶氫箙锛屼篃涓嶇煡閬撳琛屼簡澶氳繙锛屽綋鏋楀槈鍐嶄竴娆″埌杈炬瀬闄愮殑鏃跺€欙紝浠栫湅鍒颁簡甯屾湜锛�
鐐婄儫锛�
鏄殑锛屽墠鏂圭櫨绫充箣閬ワ紝鏈夎琚呯殑鐑熼浘鍦ㄥ讥婕紒
涓€瀹氭槸鏈変汉鍦ㄦ．鏋楅噷鐑や笢瑗匡紒
澶ソ浜嗭紝鏋楀槈寮哄繊鐫€鐤叉儷锛屾病鍛藉湴鍙堟湞閭ｈ竟鍐蹭簡杩囧幓锛岀幇鍦ㄤ粬涓嶆槸鍦ㄩ€忔敮浣搇矛鍦板璺戯紝鑰屾槸鍦ㄩ€忔敮鐢熷懡浜嗭紝浠栬繖绉嶆瀬闄愯繍鍔ㄥ韬綋鐨勮礋鎷呮瀬涓烘亹鎬栵紝鍒版椂鍊欎竴鏃﹀仠涓嬶紝缁濆瑕佽汉搴婁笂浼戝吇寰堥暱鏃堕棿锛岃€屼笖鑲岃倝缁嗚優涔熶細涓h貌ng鍧忔銆�
鈥滆桨闅嗛殕鈥�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎浠嶆棫闃撮瓊涓嶆暎鍦扮媯杩界寷璧讹紝涓€鑴氳俯纰庣煶澶达紝涓€鎾炴挒鏂爲鏈紝澹板娍娴╄崱锛屽姩闈欐瀬澶э紝鎽嗘槑浜嗗Э鎬佸氨鏄笉寮勬鏋楀槈灏变笉缃紤銆�
鍙槸鈥︹€�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎杩樻病鍤ｇ媯閫炲▉鍑犵閽燂紝灏辨湁涓€涓厖婊″▉涓ョ殑澹伴煶璞佺劧鍝嶈捣锛�
鈥滄槸铏棌锛熷懙锛屽師鏉ユ槸钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎杩欑鍨冨溇锛熷お浠ゆ垜澶辨湜浜嗐€傗€�
灏卞湪杩欎釜澹伴煶鍝嶈捣鐨勫埞閭ｏ紝涓€閬撳墤姘旓紝宸茬劧鍒掔牬铏氱┖锛屽甫鐫€浠や汉鐪艰姳缂贡鐨勪寒閲戣壊锛屾倣鐒剁┛閫忎簡钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鐨勮剳琚嬶紒
鈥滃槶鈥�
钃濈溂宸ㄨ殎鐨勮剳琚嬬珛椹氨鐖嗙偢寮€鏉ワ紝鐐镐簡涓█宸寸儌锛屼竴濡傚綋鍒濊瀹冭俯姝荤殑涓ゅご缇庢床槌勯奔銆傦紙鏈畬寰呯画锛�
www.b9744.icu銆俶.b9744.icu